Morphology

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Headers:

Gender
Vowel Separators
Declension
1. Cases
2. Use
Conjugation
Derivation
1. Adjectives
2. Prefixes

Gender

There are eight genders: masculine, feminine, neuter, unspecified, plural, inanimate, alien, and null.

Masculine is used for animate things with a male gender, or specific nouns that are lexically masculine.
Feminine is used for animate things with a female gender, or specific nouns that are lexically feminine.
Neuter is used for animate things that are without gender (e.g., robots, water bears), or specific nouns that are lexically neuter.
Unspecified is used for:
- Things with an unknown gender,
- Generic things that could have any gender (e.g., someone),
- Intentional omition of the gender (often for stylistic reasons),
- Or where gender is considered irrelevant enough.
Usage of this is very dependent on dialect (see Dialects).
Plural is used for multiple things. It is always used if there is more than one thing, regardless of their genders or lexical genders.
Inanimate is always used for things that are not animate, unless the noun specifically uses something else.
Alien is used for literal extraterrestrials.
Null is used for referring to nothing. In most dialects, using this on a person carries connotations of calling them unimportant.

Vowel Separators

When adding a suffix/prefix to something, it may cause two vowels to be next to each other. This is phonotactically invalid, so a vowel separator is inserted in between the suffix/prefix and what it is being added to. This also applies with syllabic consonants.
What sound this vowel separator is depends on the preceding vowel:

If the preceding vowel is /i/, /y/, /e/, /ə/, or a syllabic consonant, it will use the soft vowel separator (SVS), kh [x].
If the preceding vowel is /u/, /ɔ/, /a/, /ɔ̃/, or /ã/, it will use the hard vowel separator (HVS), ' [ʔ].

Declension

Nouns are declined by definiteness, case, and gender. Some specific nouns do not get gender marking, and some get gender marking depending on the gender of what it refers to if that is an animate thing (e.g., a cat); the definitions in the Lexicon page will make note of these.

Cases

There are 31 cases for nouns in Bakhroshungz. Below is a table listing all of them, their abbreviations, what they mean in Bakhroshungz specifically, and their noun suffixes.

Case	Abbreviation	Definition	Suffix
Nominative	NOM	Subject	e ^{a. b.}
Accusative	ACC	Direct object	əm
Genitive	GEN	Possessor	ən
Dative	DAT	Indirect object	ər
Instrumental	INS	Item used	khwo
Vocative	VOC	Addressee	jhi
Locative	LOC	Located at	da
Ablative	ABL	Motion from	tso
Lative	LAT	Motion towards	dzi
Sociative	SOC	Along with	ʕə
Distributive	DIS	Distribution per piece (like "per")	pe
Comitative	COM	Accompanied by	maħ
Causal	CAUS	Because of; cause	fãl
Benefactive	BEN	What the verb was intended for	moqh
Instructive	INSTR	Means of done by (answers "how")	kif
Agentive	AGT	Done by (answers "who")	lhung
Temporal	TEMP	The time that the verb was done at	tsid
Allative	ALL	Motion onto the surface of	uqh
Illative	ILL	Motion into	dhop
Sublative	SUBLAT	Motion under	bakh
Superlative	SUPLAT	Motion on top of/over	sijh
Terminative	TER	Motion up to	õt
Delative	DEL	Motion from the top of	ukkh
Elative	ELA	Motion out of	tu
Inessive	INE	Located inside of	limp
Subessive	SUBE	Located under	une
Superessive	SUPE	Located on top of/above	qal
Abessive	ABE	Absent	ņta
Topical	TOP	About, a topic	jhõn
Comparative	COMP	Compared/relative to	tsug
Translative	TRANSL	Becoming	fer

The nominative suffix appears as zero-marking in Bakhrosheqif as vowels are not written in it (unless vowel diacritics are used).
If case is not applicable (e.g., standalone noun), the nominative case is used.

Use

Suffixes/prefixes are stacked onto the noun in this order:
definiteness, noun base, number, case, gender
Below will be explanations on what suffixes to put in these slots.

Definiteness

If the noun is definite, the prefix ħa- is prepended. If it is indefinite, no prefix is added.

Case

Use the case suffixes from above.

Gender

Gender suffixes are affected by noun colour. Noun colour is an arbitrary property of a noun. A noun's colour can be light (nikhshe) or dark (krikņ). Here are the gender suffixes for all 7 Bakhroshungz genders in nouns:

Gender	Light	Dark
Masculine	fis	erm
Feminine	kãn	qom
Neuter	ful	bik
Unspecified	pas	buzh
Plural	fil	vil
Inanimate	-	-
Alien	ħin	ʕõm
Null	kif	kops

Conjugation

Verbs have several qualities, of which they are all conjugated for. These are person, number, gender, tense, mood, polarity, transitivity, and evidentiality. Here is more detail about some of those:

Person, number, and gender: Person, number, and gender are polypersonal; they mark both the subject and object. These are both marked in different positions of the suffix group.
The object is not marked if there is no object; though, due to the fact that every slot has the ability to be empty and communicate meaning that way, the non-transitive suffix is used to clarify the lack of an object.
Additionally, the person and number are combined into one suffix.
Unlike gender, the subject and object do not use the same set of suffixes; they each use entirely different sets.
Tense: There are 9 tenses: present, immediate past, recent past, remote past, immediate future, remote future, pluperfect, habitual, and future-in-the-past.
Mood: There are 8 moods: indicative, infinitive, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, potential, hypothetical, and interrogative. Some moods (subjunctive, imperative, and conditional) conjugate differently based on polarity.
Evidentiality: There are 5 types of evidentiality: inferential, nonvisual sensory, visual sensory, assumed, and reportive.

The suffixes/prefixes are in this order:
polarity, base, mood, subject person + number, subject gender, tense, transitivity, object person + number, object gender, optional evidentiality
What to put in each slot will now be listed.

Polarity

If the verb is negative, the prefix ke- is prepended. If it is positive, no prefix is added.